Passage 1 2星

（2023.1全国I） Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you're looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.

I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I've learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you'll find encouraging if you're doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always- supportive household.

Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.

Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn't need. Since I had my own toiletries(洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won't entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.

As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you're doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won't do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.

So here is my advice: Lead by action.

1. What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph?

A. Share an apartment with you. B. Join you in what you're doing.

C. Transform your way of living. D. Help you to make the decision.

2. What was the attitude of the author's father toward buying groceries with jars?

A. He disapproved of it. B. He was favorable to it.

C. He was tolerant of it. D. He didn't care about it.

3. What can we infer about the author?

A. She is quite good at cooking. B. She respects others' privacy.

C. She enjoys being a housewife. D. She is a determined person.

4. What is the text mainly about?

A. How to get on well with other family members.

B. How to have one's own personal space at home.

C. How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.

D. How to control the budget when buying groceries.

语篇解读：

本文是一篇记叙文，文章介绍了作者自己在家实践零排放理念，并如何处理和自己观点不一致的家庭成员的关系。

24. B 词义猜测题。根据上下文，尤其是not everyone around you will be ready to可知，此处划线单词的词义是“不和你在一同战斗”之意。

25. A 细节理解题。根据文章第二段的my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere的可知，作者的父亲是不赞成作者的行为的。

26. D 推理判断题。根据整个文章可知，作者尽管没有得到家人的支持，但是她仍然想尽办法坚持自己的理念，所以，她是一个意志坚定之人。

27. C 主旨大意题。本文讲述了作者坚持家庭零排放的生活方式，尽管没有得到家人的支持，但是她还是想尽办法坚持自己的理念。故C项“如何在家庭实施零排放生活方式”为文章的主旨。

Passage 2 (注重结构）3星

（2023.1全国I） According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed ( 安装) has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them. 人们的态度

Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven't given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they'll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.

“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE) project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).

Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms. 措施

Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that's going on in the landscape,” says Macknick. result目前的结果

1. What do solar developers often ignore?

A. The decline in the demand for solar energy.

B. The negative impact of installing solar panels.

C. The rising labor cost of building solar farms.

D. The most recent advances in solar technology.

2. What does InSPIRE aim to do?

A. Improve the productivity of local farms.

B. Invent new methods for controlling weeds.

C. Make solar projects environmentally friendly.

D. Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.

3. What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?

A. To conserve pollinators. B. To restrict solar development.

C. To diversify the economy. D. To ensure the supply of energy.

4. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future

C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D. Solar Farms: A New Development

【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。为了实现气候保护目标，人们安装了越来越多的太阳能电池板。但是这对农业生产产生了破坏，于是有机构专门制订了安装太能能电池板的环保指南。

1. B 细节理解题。根据第二段的描述：他们没有过多考虑在电池板下面放了什么，其结果是，许多社区，尤其是农业区，将太阳能发电厂视为土壤的破坏者。由此可知太阳能开发者们忽略了安装太阳能电池板带来的负面影响。故选B项。

2. C推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第二句的描述：InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，重点是以一种对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。由此推断出InSPIRE的目标是：使太阳能项目更加环保。故选C项。

3. A 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句的描述：超过28个州已经通过了有关传粉昆虫栖息地保护和农药使用的法律。由此可知通过这些法律的目的就是为了保护传粉昆虫的。故选A项。

4. D 主旨大意题。本文第一段描述太阳能电池板的快速发展，最后一段总结：这些有利于传粉者的太阳能农场可以对景观中正在发生的一切产生宝贵的影响。由此推断出本文主要是描述：太阳能农场新的发展。故选D项。

Passage 3 2星

（2023全国甲卷) Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. 第一句主题句关键信息

In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies. 实验结果证明有此能力

The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.

1. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?

A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.

C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.

2. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?

A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.

C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.

3. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?

A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects.

C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test. 设题时可以是其中的一个信息

4. Which can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners

C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters

【答案】4. B 5. C    6. D    7. D

Passage 4（段落主旨题）2星

（2023.6全国I） On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.

This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.

But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.

In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.

1. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?

A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.

C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.

2. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.

A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates

C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent

3. What did the follow-up study focus on?

A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.

C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.

4. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?

A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.

【答案】1. B    2. D    3. C    4. D

【解析】

【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。

12. B主旨大意题。根据第二段阐述了独立估计的平均值为何会形成更准确的预测。因此主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。

13. D 细节理解题。文章第二段陈述的发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。故选D。

14. C 推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? ( 在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员的讨论过程。故选C。

15. D观点态度题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究是支持的。故选D。

Passage 5  3星

（2023全国乙卷）If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.

Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.

In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.

1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.

C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.

2. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?

A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.

C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.

3. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?

A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.

4. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?

A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B.  A Short History of Australia

C.  A History of the World in 100 Objects D.  How Art Works Tell Stories

【答案】1. A    2. D    3. B    4. C

【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。本文论述了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。

32. A 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段的内容可推知，本段主要论述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。

33. D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段的“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。

34. B 词句猜测题。根据上下文可知划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到conversation的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，此处的conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。

35. C 推理判断题。本文主要论述的是述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。

Passage 6

（2023全国II卷） Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.

Jaramillo's students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. "The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks," she says, "They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful." Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.

Urban Sprouts' classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.

Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. "We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they're eating differently," Jaramillo says.

She adds that the program's benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. "They get outside," she says, "and they feel successful."

24. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo?

A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family.

C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.

25. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program?

A. The kids' parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes.

C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school gardens.

26. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program?

A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable.

27. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life

C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape

DCAB

Passage 7

(2022新高考I, D) Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m”and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.

More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.

They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.

The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.

Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.

This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.

32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?

A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.

33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?

A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily.

C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.

34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?

A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings.

C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.

35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?

A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.

C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.

【答案】12. D    13. C    14. A    15. C

【语篇解读】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍了饮食发展对语言发展的影响。

32. D 细节理解题。根据整个文章的内容，尤其是第一段中的“A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.（一项为期五年的突破性研究表明，与饮食相关的人类咀嚼变化导致了新的语音，目前世界上一半的语言都有这种语音）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。

33. D 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。

34. A 主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。

35. C 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中Steven Moran的话“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” （自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音并不保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物）”可知，Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。

(2022全国甲卷) Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.

In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.

The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.

4. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?

A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.

C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.

5. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?

A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.

C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.

6. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?

A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects.

C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.

7. Which can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners

C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters

【答案】4. B 5. C    6. D    7. D

【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。

4.B 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. (虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting, the correct “keys” would let out the nut. (研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。

5. C 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。

6. D 推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. (根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。

7. D 主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. (科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。

(2022全国新高考II卷) C

Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.

Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.

That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. "

"Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.

An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.

"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. "

8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?

A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.

C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.

9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?

A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.

C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.

10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?

A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.

11. What is a suitable title for the text?

A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start

B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer

C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.

D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-

【答案】8. A    9. B    10. D    11. B

【语篇解读】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用手机。

8. A 推理判断题。根据题干中关键信息“the ban on drivers' texting in the US”可知本题涉及对于各州禁止司机发短信的禁令的视角效果的评判。 综合第一段内容和第二段首句“Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. ”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。故判断各种禁令是无效的。 Ineffective意为“无效的 Unnecessary意为“ 没有必要的”  Inconsistent意为“不一致的，不调和的”Unfair意为“不公平的”。故选A。

9. B 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. ”（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。故选B。

10. D 词义猜测题。划线词something之后有后置定语“on the books”和“that can change people's behavior”，由此判断 something是指书面的，而且可以改变“人们（ 开车使用手机的习惯）的行为。同时，根据下文的信息“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”可知 Félix W. Ortiz希望Textalyzer法案成为法律，这样人们会更害怕拿起手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。

11. B主旨大意题。本文前两段介绍各种各样说服人们在开车时放下手机的方法无效，而且问题却越来越严重。第三段中解释了该现象产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法，即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。因此文章的核心词是Driving，Texting，Textalyzer。故B选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。

(2022全国乙卷) C

Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.

Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.

That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.

By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.

8. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?

A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.

C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.

9. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?

A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.

C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.

10. What function is expected of the rail drones?

A To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.

C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.

11. Which is the most suitable title for the text?

A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones

B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded

C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face

D How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways

【答案】8. A    9. C    10. A    11. D

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。

8. A 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们同样完全可以用来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可知使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。

9. C 词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词和 C项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。

10. A  推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 的With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time可知，无人机能够给火车提供预先警告。故选A。

11. D 主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small group of drones guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometers of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。

(2022全国甲卷) D

Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.

Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.

“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.

“How do you mean?” I asked.

“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”

Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”

On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”

He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.

12. What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.

C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.

13. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?

A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.

C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.

14. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?

A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.

C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.

15. Which statement will the author probably agree with?

A. A city can be young and old at the same time.

B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.

C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.

D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.

【答案】12. C 13. D    14. A    15. A

【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的一些文化冲突。

12.C 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. (20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口) ”以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city. (但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C项。

13. D 细节理解题。根据第二段“Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilot Sydney ferryboats for a living. (30岁出头的Andrew Reynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“I’ll miss these old boats. (我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. (双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，对领航员来说也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员Andrew Reynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D项。

14. A 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. (悉尼的官方历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A项。

15.A 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. (另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我想到了这一点)”以及最后一段“He is right (他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。

（2022全国甲卷) As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.

Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.

After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”

In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.”

The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.

8. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?

A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.

C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.

9. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?

A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.

C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation.

10. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?

A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.

C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.

11. What is the text mainly about?

A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.

C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.

【答案】8. A 9. C    10. C    11. B

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险。当她从一个舞蹈家退休，孩子也离开了她之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。

8. A 词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前文“Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. (在她的职业舞蹈演员生涯中，她曾在英国巡演，但一直渴望进一步探险)”和“When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest (当她不再跳舞，她的儿子们最终独立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和儿子们成家立业之后，她决定尝试有挑战性的事情。由此推知，划线词组take the plunge与try challenging things“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。故选A。

9.C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tiera del Fuego. (正是在智利，她发现自己可以在最后一刻(尾单票）买到从火地岛附近岛屿前往南极洲的廉价船票)”，同时根据后面的内容可知，她对目的地并不是很熟悉。所以，尾单折扣票价是让Ginni决定去南极洲旅行的主要内容。故选C。

10. C 细节理解题。根据最后一段“The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. (意识到这是一块宝贵的土地，应该受到人类的尊重，这是Ginni最深刻的感受之一)”可知，旅行结束后，Ginni认为南极洲应该得到很好的保护。故选C。

11.B 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了Ginni Balinton去南极旅行的经历，尤其是根据第一段“These gentle lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. (这些温柔可爱的看门者热情地欢迎她，并由此开始了一次Ginni永远不会忘记的旅行)”。由此可知，An unforgettable experience（一次难忘的经历)能够概括文章主旨。故选B。

(2022.1浙江)The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia(失智症) in later life, and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women. introduce the topic

Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said, "These findings are exciting because it's possible that improving people's cardiovascular(心血管的) fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia." significance

For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak(最大值的) cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts.

A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other cardiovascular problems.

These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness. procedure

"However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important." She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were from Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups.

27. What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph?

A. Positive effects of doing exercises. B. Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.

C. Experimental studies on diseases. D. Advantages of sporty woman over man

28. Why did the researchers ask the woman to do bicycle exercise?

A. To predict their maximum heart rate. B. To assess their cardiovascular capacity

C. To change their habits of working out D. To detect their potential health problems

29. What do we know about Dr Horder's study?

A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia. B. Data collection was a lengthy process.

C. Some participants withdrew from it. D. The results were far from satisfactory.

30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia

B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise

C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia

D. Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness

ABBC

B

(2021新高考A) When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.

In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.

About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934 better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.

28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?

A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.

C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.

29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?

A. Acquire. B. Export.

C. Destroy. D. Distribute.

30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?

A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.

C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.

31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System

C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting

ACDA

C

(2022.1浙江)The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia(失智症) in later life, and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.

Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said, "These findings are exciting because it's possible that improving people's cardiovascular(心血管的) fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia."

For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak(最大值的) cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts.

A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other cardiovascular problems.

These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.

"However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important." She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were from Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups.

27. What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph?

A. Positive effects of doing exercises. B. Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.

C. Experimental studies on diseases. D. Advantages of sporty woman over man

28. Why did the researchers ask the woman to do bicycle exercise?

A. To predict their maximum heart rate. B. To assess their cardiovascular capacity

C. To change their habits of working out D. To detect their potential health problems

29. What do we know about Dr Horder's study?

A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia. B. Data collection was a lengthy process.

C. Some participants withdrew from it. D. The results were far from satisfactory.

30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia

B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise

C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia

D. Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness

ABBC

D

We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes’ walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today’s children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.

In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son’s ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.

"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference," David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."

Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play. (2021.6浙江）

24. What is the problem with the author’s children?

A. They often annoy the neighbours. B. They are tired of doing their homework.

C. They have no friends to play with. D. They stay in front of screens for too long.

25. How did David Bond advocate his idea?

A. By making a documentary film. B. By organizing outdoor activities.

C. By advertising in London media. D. By creating a network of friends.

26. Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2?

A. records B. predicts C. delays D. confirms

27. What can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Let Children Have Fun B. Young Children Need More Free Time

C. Market Nature to Children D. David Bond: A Role Model for Children

DAAC

E

Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees(黑猩猩) use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a “vocabulary” of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.

Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.

“That’s what’s so amazing about chimp gestures,” she said. “They’re the only thing that looks like human language in that respect.”

Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal’s call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.

Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling: “Climb on me.” The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother’s back and they travel off together. “The big message from this study is that there is another species (物种) out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that’s not unique to humans,” said Dr Hobaiter.

Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were “a little disappointing”.

“The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions,” she said. “Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains.”（2021.1浙江)

27. What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter?

A. Memorizing specific words. B. Understanding complex information.

C. Using voices to communicate. D. Communicating messages on purpose.

28. What did Dr Shultz think of the study?

A. It was well designed but poorly conducted.

B. It was a good try but the findings were limited.

C. It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.

D. It was a failure but the methods deserved praise.

29. What does the underlined word “gulf” in the last paragraph mean?

A. Difference. B. Conflict. C. Balance. D. Connection.

30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A. Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough

B. Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills

C. Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom

D. Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated

DBAD

F

（2021年全国甲卷，D）Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.

Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?

In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.

A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.

Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”

12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?

A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative.

C. They're objective. D. They're strict.

13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?

A. They think themselves smart.

B. They look up to great thinkers.

C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.

D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs

14. Why are more geniuses known to the public?

A. Improved global communication.

B. Less discrimination against women.

C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.

D. Changes in people's social positions.

15. What is the best title for the text?

A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms

C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck

ADAB

G

(2021年全国乙卷，C）You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.

At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.

In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.

Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.

28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?

A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.

C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.

29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?

A. To show the difficulty of their recycling.

B. To explain why they are useful.

C. To voice his views on modern art.

D. To find a substitute for them.

30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?

A. Calming. B. Disturbing.

C. Refreshing. D. Challenging.

31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety

B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art

C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies

D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures

CABD

Passage 20

Mark Bertram lost the tips of two fingers at work in 2018 when his hand became trapped in a fan belt. “It's life-changing but it’s not life-ending,” he says. “Doing work is harder now. Everything is just a little different.”

After two surgeries and occupational therapy, Bertram decided to make light of his condition by asking Eric Catalano, a tattoo(纹身)artist, to create fingernail(手指甲) tattoos. The idea made everyone in the studio laugh―until they saw the final result. “The mood changed,” Catalano recalls from his Eternal Ink Tattoo Studio in Hecker, Illinois. “Everything turned from ridiculous to wow.”

When Catalano posted a photo of the tattoos, a pair of fingernails looking so real that no one could believe their eyes, he had no idea the image would eventually be viewed by millions of people around the world.

The photo pushed Catalano, 40, further into the world of paramedical tattooing. Now people with life-altering scars come from as far away as Ireland to visit his shop. Using flesh-toned inks and a needle, Catalano transforms his clients’ view of themselves.

Leslie Pollan, 32, a dog breeder in Oxford, Mississippi, was bitten on the face by a puppy in 2014. After undergoing countless surgeries to correct a scar on her lip but in vain, she ultimately turned to Catalano, who covered her lip scar, giving her back a piece of her confidence. Pollan says, “It made me have a different outlook on life.”

“Every time I see that emotion from my customers, I’m 100 percent sure this is something that I can't stop doing.”

24. At first, what did people think of the idea of creating the first fingernail tattoos?

A. Inspiring.       B. Life-changing.       C. Funny.      D. Amazing.

25. What do we know about the posted photo of the fingernail tattoos?

A. No one believed it was real.

B. It enjoyed great popularity.

C. It brought Catalano fame and money overnight.

D. It discouraged Catalano from furthering on in that field.

26. Why does the author mention Pollan's story?

A. To warn people to stay away from puppies.

B. To prove that plastic surgeries are not so effective.

C. To show Catalano helps change clients’ view of themselves.

D. To highlight that tattooing is very important in our daily life.

27. Which one is the best title of the passage?

A. Magical Tattoos              B. A Tattoo Artist

C. Popularity of Tattoos          D. Development of Tattoos

CBCA

D

Walking over water might sound unbelievable. In fact, people do it all the time. How? Almost all of the world’s liquid fresh water that is called groundwater lies underground.

Earth is a water planet, but most of its water is in the oceans. Only about 2.5 percent of the planet’s water is fresh water, of which nearly 69 percent is frozen in glaciers(冰川) and ice caps and about 30 percent is groundwater―much more than the 1.2 percent that flows through rivers and fills lakes.

Groundwater is found almost everywhere on Earth. It hides under mountains, plains and even deserts. Tiny gaps between rocks and soil grains take in and hold this water like a sponge(海绵), forming buried bodies of water called aquifers(地下蓄水层). Together, they hold about 60 times as much water as the world’s lakes and rivers combined. Groundwater is a key part of the earth’s water cycle. Rain and melted snow go down into the ground. The water can stay there for thousands of years. Some groundwater naturally runs out onto the earth’s surface through springs. It also flows into lakes, rivers and wetlands. People get groundwater through wells for drinking, watering crops and other uses.

As human-caused climate change dries out parts of the planet, demand for groundwater may rise. At the same time, climate change may increase storms. Heavier rain is more likely to rush straight into streams and storm drains, instead of going into the soil. So, there may be less groundwater around.

Many of the world’s aquifers already seem to be drying up. Twenty-one of the earth’s 37 biggest aquifers are becoming smaller, satellite data show. The most dried-out aquifers are near big cities, farms, or dry regions. As groundwater stores dwindle, they hold less water to refill rivers and streams, thus threatening freshwater ecosystems.

32. Which of the following make(s) up the largest part of fresh water?

A. Underground water. B. Glaciers and ice caps. C. Oceans. D. Rivers and lakes.

33. What can we know about groundwater from Paragraph 3?

A. It will end up in rivers and seas.

B. It’s mainly stored in wet regions.

C. It’s mainly kept in the form of aquifers.

D. It runs out onto the earth’s surface regularly.

34. Why does climate change result in less groundwater according to the text?

A. It makes heavier rain go into the soil.

B. It raises the temperature and increases daytime.

C. It causes glaciers to disappear faster than ever.

D. It allows less rain to go underground directly.

35. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The earth is a water planet.

B. Water is in crisis on the planet.

C. The groundwater is decreasing.

D. The climate change is threatening the earth.

BCDC

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